Earnouts bridge valuation gaps in M&A by tying contingent payments to post-close performance metrics like EBITDA or revenue thresholds, recorded as liabilities under US GAAP/IFRS with fair value adjustments flowing through P&L. This tutorial equips you with Excel formulas to model earnouts dynamically – from probability-weighted payouts to 3-statement impacts, …
Samuel Schiano
Stress testing LBO models reveals if a leveraged buyout survives downturns by simulating revenue drops, margin compression, and cash flow shocks – ensuring banks and investors see realistic debt coverage ratios. This guide walks you through building downside cases in Excel that withstand scrutiny, from revenue sensitivity to debt waterfalls, …
Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) in 2026 ride a deregulation wave, with PE dry powder exceeding $3 trillion amid relaxed bank covenants and higher debt multiples. Sponsors now push total leverage to 6.5x EBITDA (up from 5.5x pre-2025), demanding models that stress-test incurrence baskets and PIK toggles for lender approval. Deregulation Impact: …
A dividend recapitalization (dividend recap) lets a private equity (PE) firm extract cash from a portfolio company early by loading it with new debt, paying a special dividend to investors while keeping control. This LBO variant boosts internal IRR without selling the asset, but demands bulletproof cash flow modeling to …
For years, financial models were mainly about grind work: collecting data, cleaning it, putting it into Excel, building forecasts, and running scenarios. In 2026, this balance is tipping – artificial intelligence is taking over more and more of the routine work and shifting your focus toward interpretation, storytelling, and strategic decision-making. If …
Leverage, Fixed Charge Coverage, and Free Cash Flow Yield are the three numbers every lender, CFO, and credit analyst watches most closely. Yet most Excel-based dashboards either calculate them inconsistently, mix accounting periods, or strip out the nuances that make these ratios meaningful. This guide builds a structured, audit-proof credit …
A Reverse DCF starts with the market or proposed transaction price and works backward to derive the assumptions required to justify that valuation. In negotiations, this technique shifts the conversation from opinions to implied expectations — revealing whether growth, margins, and capital efficiency assumptions are realistic or strategically optimistic. Why …
A Sum-of-the-Parts (SOTP) valuation decomposes a diversified company into distinct business units, values each segment using the most appropriate methodology, and recombines them into an equity value. When built rigorously, SOTP reveals hidden value, supports strategic decisions, and withstands scrutiny from lenders, auditors, and investment committees. Why SOTP matters in …